James Joyce

James Joyce (1882–1941) was an Irish modernist novelist and poet whose work transformed 20th-century literature. Born in Dublin, he studied at University College Dublin before leaving Ireland in 1904. Joyce lived mainly in continental Europe, including Trieste, Zurich, and Paris, writing fiction that drew intensely on Dublin life and speech. His short-story collection *Dubliners* (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novel *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man* (1916) established his reputation. Joyce’s landmark novel *Ulysses* (1922) pioneered stream-of-consciousness techniques, while *Finnegans Wake* (1939) pushed language and narrative experimentation to new extremes.