Ludwig Börne (1786–1837)

Ludwig Börne (1786–1837) was a German-Jewish writer, journalist, and literary critic known for sharp political commentary. Born in Frankfurt am Main, he became an influential voice in the liberal opposition of the Vormärz era and is often linked with the Young Germany movement. Börne wrote essays and feuilletons that attacked censorship and authoritarian rule, advocating civil liberties and constitutional reform. After the July Revolution of 1830, he lived in Paris, where he observed French politics and society. His best-known work, *Briefe aus Paris* (*Letters from Paris*), combines reportage, satire, and political analysis and helped shape modern German political journalism.